Work organization as a barrier to crop–livestock integration practices: a case study in Guadeloupe

Abstract Crop–livestock integration exploits the synergies between cropping and livestock systems, mainly by using animal excreta as an organic crop fertilizer or products feed. From environmental economic point of view, crop–livestock is thought to increase system autonomy resilience. However, little research has addressed its social impact particularly relationship crop-livestock work organization although, like most agroecological practices, was considered time- labor-intensive. Here we used quantitative indicators based on “Qualification Evaluation Work” method coupled with qualitative interviews farmers understand how implementation practices affected characteristics (perception, organization, duration, arduousness). This framework implemented 14 farms selected from a typology mixed systems in Guadeloupe (French West Indies), where high labor costs heighten tension practices. Our results show that three patterns shaped organization: family strong (Pattern 1, n=6 farms), moderate 2, n=5 intensive productivity-driven 3, n=3 farms). We also for first time farmer perceptions work, especially animals, influences level In Pattern done themselves skilled trusted persons their inner circle. source on-farm income, livestock, including readily delegated employees volunteers. Whatever pattern, burden collecting crop-products cited primary barrier further implementation. Actionable opportunities these are discussed.